1837

The Treaty of Tafna was signed by both 'Abd al-Qadir and General Thomas Robert Bugeaud on May 30, 1837. This agreement was developed after French imperial forces sustained heavy losses and military reversals in Algeria. The terms of the treaty entailed 'Abd al-Qadir recognizing French imperial sovereignty in Africa.  However, the price France had to pay for acquiring recognition entailed its secession of approximately two-thirds of Algeria to 'Abd al-Qadir (i.e. the provinces of Oran, Kolea, Medea, Tlemcen and Algiers. As a result of the treaty, France was only able to maintain a few ports. The treaty was eventually broken by King Louis-Philippe in 1839, who ordered the occupation of Constantine, which led to more conflicts between 'Abd al-Qadir's forces and French imperial forces. 'Abd al-Qadir declared war again on October 15, 1839.